海水白天涨落叫做潮,夜间涨落叫做汐。我国古书有“大海之水,朝生为潮,夕生为汐”的记载。
引潮力包括月球、太阳等天体,尤其是月球,同时,随着地球、月球和太阳的相对位置发生周期性变化,这种力的作用也呈周期性变化。 月球引力和地球离心力是两种对立的力,两者结合起来产生的合力(矢量和),就是月球使海水发生潮汐现象的力量,称为“月球引潮力”。太阳的质量大约是月球质量的2700万倍,太阳到地球的平均距离约为月球到地球平均距离的389倍。因此可以推算出太阳的引潮力和月球的引潮力之比为1:2.18,它所引起的潮汐现象虽不易被单独观测到,但却影响着月潮的大小。每当农历初一(朔)或十五(望)时,地球、月球、太阳的位置几乎在同一直线上,月球和太阳的引潮力是一致的,两种力量迭加在一起,就使海水出现大潮。可是每当农历初七、八(上弦)或二十二、三(下弦)时,月球对地球的引潮力与太阳对地球的引潮力互相垂直,太阳引潮力削弱了月球引潮力,因而海水就出现了小潮。实际上,大潮往往发生在朔望后二、三天,小潮大都出现在上、下弦后二、三天,其原因是海水在流动过程中受到本身粘滞性和海底地形因素的影响造成的。
计算方法:
由于海水的涨潮退潮是受到月球引力影响而产生的一种地理现象,因此涨潮退潮是有规律可循,15天轮回一次,因此,下一天涨潮是头天涨潮时间推迟0.8小时(48分钟),可根据农历日期计算每天涨潮的时间。
具体测算方法是:按照农历算,如天数少于15,则天数直接乘以0.8,得出的数字即是当天最高潮时间;如天数大于15。则天数先要减去15后得出的数字再乘以0.8,得出的数字即是当天最高潮时间。同时,涨潮退潮一般间隔6个小时,也就是说一天涨潮退潮各两次。高潮时间一般能维持一个多小时才开始退潮,最低潮时间在两次高潮中间的时间。
潮水类型:在一个潮汐周期(约24小时50分钟,天文学上称一个太阴日,即月球连续两次经过上中天所需的时间)里,各地潮水涨落的次数、时刻、持续时间也均不相同。潮汐现象尽管很复杂,但大致说来不外三种基本类型。
半日潮型:一个太阴日内出现两次高潮和两次低潮,前一次高潮和低潮的潮差与后一次高潮和低潮的潮差大致相同,涨潮过程和落潮过程的时间也几乎相等(6小时12.5分)。我国渤海、东海、黄海的多数地点为半日潮型,如大沽、青岛、厦门等。
全日潮型:一个太阴日内只有一次高潮和一次低潮。如南海汕头、渤海秦皇岛等。南海的北部湾是世界上典型的全日潮海区。
混合潮型:一月内有些日子出现两次高潮和两次低潮,但两次高潮和低潮的潮差相差较大,涨潮过程和落潮过程的时间也不等;而另一些日子则出现一次高潮和一次低潮。我国南海多数地点属混合潮型。如榆林港,十五天出现全日潮,其余日子为不规则的半日潮,潮差较大。
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